{"id":22,"date":"2026-04-29T17:25:20","date_gmt":"2026-04-29T17:25:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/artmost.hr\/wordpress_Z\/?p=22"},"modified":"2026-05-17T11:01:22","modified_gmt":"2026-05-17T11:01:22","slug":"psiholoska-trauma-i-traumatski-dogadaji","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/artmost.hr\/?p=22","title":{"rendered":"Psiholo\u0161ka trauma i traumatski doga\u0111aji"},"content":{"rendered":"

KLJU\u010cNE RIJE\u010cI: <\/strong>psiholo\u0161ka trauma, traumatski doga\u0111aji, \u00a0posljedice traume, \u00a0rana trauma, trauma<\/p>\n

\u0160to je psiholo\u0161ka trauma?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Psiholo\u0161ka trauma<\/strong> nastaje kada intenzivan stres prema\u0161i kapacitete pojedinca<\/a> za emocionalnu regulaciju i organizaciju. Traumatskim doga\u0111ajima<\/strong> smatraju se i za \u017eivot opasne situacije<\/a>, odnosno one u kojima su ljudi izlo\u017eeni smrti, te\u017eim tjelesnim povredama i u kojima se javlja osje\u0107aj \u017eivotne ugro\u017eenosti, straha i bespomo\u0107nosti<\/a>. Van der Kolk nagla\u0161ava da ona uklju\u010duje negativno percipiranu pojavu ili podra\u017eaj koji naru\u0161ava sposobnost pojedinca da uspje\u0161no procesira i integrira do\u017eivljeno iskustvo<\/a> \u0161to utje\u010de i na njegovu reakciju na taj doga\u0111aj. Boals i Schuettler dodatno nagla\u0161avaju da nije sam traumatski doga\u0111aj<\/strong> taj koji odre\u0111uje njegov utjecaj, ve\u0107 na\u010din na koji pojedinac procesuira i pridaje mu zna\u010denje u svakodnevnom \u017eivotu<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Posljedice traume na psihi\u010dko funkcioniranje<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Nakon razumijevanja \u0161to je trauma <\/strong>i kako nastaje, va\u017eno je sagledati njezine posljedice<\/strong> na emocionalno, kognitivno i socijalno funkcioniranje. Iako je trauma<\/strong> prirodna reakcija na izuzetno stresne doga\u0111aje, njezini u\u010dinci mogu zna\u010dajno naru\u0161iti svakodnevno funkcioniranje. Traumatski doga\u0111aji<\/strong> ometaju uobi\u010dajen osje\u0107aj kontrole koji pojedinac ima nad \u017eivotom, osje\u0107aj povezanosti s drugima i zna\u010denja koja pridaje svijetu oko sebe. Zajedni\u010dki nazivnik psihi\u010dke traume osje\u0107aj je intenzivne prepadnutosti, bespomo\u0107nosti, gubitka kontrole i prijetnje uni\u0161tenja. Sr\u017e do\u017eivljaja psihi\u010dke traume<\/strong> je obesna\u017eenost i isklju\u010denost od ostalih ljudi. Klju\u010d oporavka le\u017ei u osna\u017eivanju pre\u017eivjelih te izgradnji odnosa temeljenih na povjerenju i podr\u0161ci<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Vrste traumatskih doga\u0111aja<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Traumatski doga\u0111aj<\/strong> koji izaziva traumatsku reakciju je izrazito neugodan doga\u0111aj izvan uobi\u010dajenog ljudskog iskustva i predstavlja prijetnju \u017eivotu i\/ili tjelesnom integritetu<\/a>. Razlikuju se dva osnovna tipa traumatskih doga\u0111aja koji izazivaju simptome<\/a>:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u201eAkutni ili traumatski doga\u0111aj tipa 1<\/strong>: pojedina\u010dna, akutna pojava traumatskog doga\u0111aja<\/strong> \u2013 klasi\u010dna trauma kako ju je opisao Freud, kao \u0161to su npr. tjelesni napad, teroristi\u010dki napad, od ljudi uzrokovano poni\u017eenje, neo\u010dekivana smrt bliske osobe, prometna nesre\u0107a, prirodne katastrofe.\u201c<\/li>\n
  2. \u201ePonavljani ili traumatski doga\u0111aj tipa 2<\/strong>: ponavljano, sekvencijalno i dugotrajno pojavljivanje traumatskog doga\u0111aja<\/strong>, kakvo se nalazi u sindromu tjelesnog i seksualnog zlostavljanja i u sindromu pre\u017eivjelog, kod unutarobiteljskih traumi, te\u0161kih bolesti \u010dlanova obitelji (uklju\u010duju\u0107i i psihi\u010dke bolesti).\u201c<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Disocijacija kao reakcija na traumu<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong>Posljedice trauma<\/strong> obuhva\u0107aju simptome u kontinuumu od disocijacijskog<\/strong> (\u0161to vi\u0161e odgovara traumi tipa 2) prema pobu\u0111uju\u0107em polu (vi\u0161e odgovara traumi tipa 1). \u201eKod disocijativnog pola dominiraju izbjegavanje, povla\u010denje, smetenost, izbjegavanje poticaja, depersonalizacija\/derealizacija, afektivno zaravnjivanje.\u201c Disocijacija<\/strong> je rascjep sje\u0107anja i smje\u0161taj traume<\/strong> u jedan \u201erezervat\u201c (u jedan dio li\u010dnosti), u kojemu je ono \u017eivo, ali je odvojeno od drugoga psihi\u010dkog \u017eivota. Rije\u010d je o potpunom ili djelomi\u010dnom gubitku ujedinjavanja sje\u0107anja, svijesti o sebi i\/ili okolini, osjeta te kontrole pokreta, kao i nemogu\u0107nosti integriranja sebe i vlastite svijesti s traumatskom situacijom<\/strong>, odnosno nesposobnosti prihva\u0107anja traume i \u201eodmicanja\u201c od nje. Kod primarne disocijacije<\/strong> traumatska sje\u0107anja su odvojena od ostalih. Sekundarna disocijacija<\/strong> odnosi se na stanje u kojem osoba \u201enapu\u0161ta\u201c svoje tijelo te traumatski doga\u0111aj promatra \u201esa strane\u201c. Tercijarna disocijacija<\/strong> je stvaranje odvojenih ego stanja<\/a>, odnosno altera, pri \u010demu su neka od njih svjesna traumatskih doga\u0111aja dok neka nisu.<\/p>\n

    Simptomi traumatske reakcije<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong>Ovo razlikovanje va\u017eno je jer razli\u010diti oblici traume mogu dovesti do specifi\u010dnih simptoma i na\u010dina procesuiranja do\u017eivljenog.<\/strong> Trauma<\/strong> se o\u010dituje kroz \u010detiri klju\u010dne komponente<\/strong> koje su prisutne kod svake traumatizirane osobe<\/strong>, iako u razli\u010ditom intenzitetu: stanje hiperbudnosti, stisnutost, mentalna odsutnost, smrznutost (imobilnost), povezana s osje\u0107ajem bespomo\u0107nosti<\/a>. Kod pobu\u0111uju\u0107eg pola mo\u017ee dominirati nemir, stanje pobu\u0111enosti, maniformno pona\u0161anje, flashbackovi, halucinacije, samoozlje\u0111ivanje i agresija usmjerena prema drugima<\/a>. \u201eTraumatski doga\u0111aji<\/strong> uklju\u010duju smrt, nasilje ili prijetnju \u017eivotu odnosno tjelesnom integritetu.\u201c Osim neposredne izlo\u017eenosti, traumatski doga\u0111aji uklju\u010duju i svjedo\u010denje tragi\u010dnim zbivanjima: promatranje te\u0161kog ranjavanja ili nasilne smrti druge osobe uslijed napada, nesre\u0107e, rata, katastrofe ili svjedo\u010denje po\u010dinjenim brutalnim ubojstvima. \u201eTo su i doga\u0111aji nakon kojih pojedinac saznaje o nasilju, te\u0161koj nesre\u0107i, te\u0161koj ozljedi \u010dlana obitelji, bliskog prijatelja ili te\u0161koj bolesti vlastitog djeteta. Neposredno nakon traumatskog doga\u0111aja<\/strong>, ljudi imaju niz reakcija koje slu\u017ee mijenjanju osje\u0107aja povezanih s traumom<\/strong><\/a> i u ve\u0107ini slu\u010dajeva, tijekom vremena, raste tolerancija na sadr\u017eaj sje\u0107anja, a do\u017eivljeno iskustvo prihva\u0107a se kao dio \u017eivota\u201c. Svim traumatskim doga\u0111ajima<\/strong> zajedni\u010dko je njihovo neo\u010dekivano pojavljivanje i izazivanje intenzivnog straha i osje\u0107aja bespomo\u0107nosti<\/a>. To su doga\u0111aji koji uklju\u010duju: borbu, mu\u010denje, nasilje, prirodne katastrofe, te\u0161ke prometne nesre\u0107e i sl.<\/p>\n

    Trauma u djetinjstvu i razvojne posljedice<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong>Traumatski doga\u0111aji u djetinjstvu<\/strong> mijenjaju djetetovu unutra\u0161nju sliku svijeta<\/a> te oblikuju shva\u0107anje sebe i drugih, formiraju o\u010dekivanja od budu\u0107nosti koja imaju utjecaj kako na trenutno pona\u0161anje, tako i na budu\u0107e pona\u0161anje i do\u017eivljavanje djeteta i mlade osobe. \u201ePojam traumatizacije u djetinjstvu dugo je bio zanemarivan, a suvremeni teoreti\u010dari to argumentiraju na razli\u010dite na\u010dine. Profaca tuma\u010di manjak interesa za ovu temu kao posljedicu dru\u0161tvenog stava idealizacije djetinjstva<\/a>. Statisti\u010dki podaci razli\u010ditih istra\u017eivanja pokazuju kako navedenu problematiku ne treba zanemariti.<\/p>\n

    Zlostavljanje djece i dugoro\u010dne posljedice<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Costello i sur. proveli su longitudinalno istra\u017eivanje u sklopu kojega su intervjuirali 1420 djece i adolescenata, a rezultati su pokazali da je 25 % djece i mladih bilo izlo\u017eeno barem jednom traumatskom doga\u0111aju prije \u0161esnaeste godine<\/a>. \u201eIzlo\u017eenost traumi u djetinjstvu<\/strong> jo\u0161 uvijek je u mnogim zemljama svijeta prikriven glavni javnozdravstveni problem. Sve su vrste zlostavljanja jednako va\u017ene i poga\u0111aju djecu i odrasle svih rasnih, kulturnih, vjerskih i nacionalnih skupina. Bitno je prepoznati ovakvo dijete ili odraslu osobu, zaustaviti nasilni\u010dka pona\u0161anja, pru\u017eiti adekvatnu pomo\u0107 i skrb, otkriti koje su sve posljedice nastupile od razli\u010ditih vrsta zlostavljanja i zanemarivanja. Zajedni\u010dko svim vrstama zlostavljanja i zanemarivanja jest \u201etradicija\u201c zlostavljanja koja se prenosi s generacije na generaciju<\/a>, s roditelja na dijete, s po\u010dinitelja na \u017ertvu zlostavljanja\u201c. \u017dene i pripadnici rasnih i etni\u010dkih manjinskih skupina<\/a> imaju ve\u0107u vjerojatnost da su do\u017eivjeli \u010detiri ili vi\u0161e potencijalno traumati\u010dnih iskustava. Zlostavljanje djece<\/strong> negativno utje\u010de na osnovne razvojne procese, naru\u0161avaju\u0107i emocionalnu samoregulaciju, suosje\u0107anje, empatiju, samopo\u0161tovanje i samopoimanje. Posljedice uklju\u010duju emocionalne probleme i probleme u pona\u0161anju koji se o\u010dituju problemima u\u010denja i prilagodbe, kao \u0161to su neuspjeh u \u0161koli, te\u0161ka depresija, agresivno pona\u0161anje, te\u0161ko\u0107e s vr\u0161njacima, zlouporaba droga i delinkvencija, koji se \u010desto nastavljaju i u odrasloj dobi. Seksualno zlostavljanje doga\u0111a se djeci obaju spolova<\/a>, \u010de\u0161\u0107e djevoj\u010dicama, a mo\u017ee zapo\u010deti rano u \u017eivotu i trajati godinama. Pynoos, Steinberg i Goenjian, navode vi\u0161e podru\u010dja razvoja djeteta koja su pogo\u0111ena traumatskim izlaganjem<\/a>, kao \u0161to su pa\u017enja, u\u010denje, spoznaja, slika o sebi, percepcija vlastite u\u010dinkovitosti, aktivacija autonomnog \u017eiv\u010danog sustava, specifi\u010dne brige, kontrola impulsa, moralni razvoj, svjesnost\/do\u017eivljaj kontinuiteta, reprezentacija sebe i drugih, biolo\u0161ko sazrijevanje, interpersonalni i unutarobiteljski odnosi i razvoj kompetencija. U bilo kojem od navedenih podru\u010dja postoji mogu\u0107nost za razvoj psihopatologije<\/strong> povezane s traumatskim iskustvom<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Literatura:<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
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      KLJU\u010cNE RIJE\u010cI: psiholo\u0161ka trauma, traumatski doga\u0111aji, \u00a0posljedice traume, \u00a0rana trauma, trauma \u0160to je psiholo\u0161ka trauma? \u00a0Psiholo\u0161ka trauma nastaje kada intenzivan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":96,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-artmost"],"yoast_head":"\nPsiholo\u0161ka trauma i traumatski doga\u0111aji - 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